{"id":442026,"date":"2021-01-08T11:20:39","date_gmt":"2021-01-08T10:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hudo.com\/si\/2021\/01\/08\/kako-je-mozno-da-so-cepivo-proti-covidu-19-razvili-v-tako-kratkem-casu\/"},"modified":"2021-01-08T11:20:39","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T10:20:39","slug":"kako-je-mozno-da-so-cepivo-proti-covidu-19-razvili-v-tako-kratkem-casu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hudo.com\/si\/zdrav-duh-telo\/kako-je-mozno-da-so-cepivo-proti-covidu-19-razvili-v-tako-kratkem-casu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kako je mo\u017eno, da so cepivo proti covidu-19 razvili v tako kratkem \u010dasu?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\t\t\t\t\t
foto: Profimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kako nastanejo cepiva<\/h2>\n

Znanstveniki cepiva \u017ee skoraj 150 let pripravljajo na podoben na\u010din. Najprej mikrobe, ki povzro\u010dajo bolezen, razmno\u017eijo v laboratoriju, nato z dodatkom kemi\u010dnih snovi onesposobijo povzro\u010ditelje bolezni in jih spremenijo v ne\u0161kodljive, na koncu pa pripravek ne\u0161kodljivih povzro\u010diteljev bolezni “cepijo” v \u010dloveka, da ga za\u0161\u010ditijo pred boleznijo, ki bi jo sicer povzro\u010dil “cepljeni” mikrob, pojasnjuje predstojnik katedre za mikrobiologijo in imunologijo medicinske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani Alojz Ihan v gradivu za strokovno javnost o cepivu proti covidu-19.<\/p>\n

S cepivom, torej ne\u0161kodljivimi del\u010dki mikroorganizmov, si v telesu preventivno razmno\u017eimo spominske obrambne celice – limfocite, ki bi jih sicer na\u0161 imunski sistem razmno\u017eil \u0161ele ob prebolevanju bolezni. S cepljenjem si tako “prihranimo” prvo prebolevanje oku\u017ebe in pridobimo imunsko za\u0161\u010dito, kot bi jo nam sicer pustila bolezen – brez te\u017eav, tveganj in posledic, ki jih bolezen prina\u0161a.<\/p>\n

\u010ce bi \u017eeleli pripraviti klasi\u010dno cepivo proti covidu-19, bi morali optimizirati tehnologijo industrijskega gojenja novega koronavirusa na celi\u010dnih kulturah v velikanskih koli\u010dinah, ki bi zado\u0161\u010dale za milijarde cepilnih odmerkov. Hkrati bi bilo treba optimizirati na\u010din kemijske inaktivacije virusov tako, da bi virusi zanesljivo izgubili infektivnost, ohranili pa ustrezno imunogenost, torej sposobnost, da izzovejo imunski odziv.<\/p>\n

Sledila bi farmacevtska “formulacija” sestavin novega cepiva za optimalno in varno delovanje. Vse to pa bi zahtevalo ve\u010d let.<\/p>\n

Nova tehnologija omogo\u010dila hitrej\u0161i razvoj in proizvodnjo<\/h2>\n

“Ker svet nujno potrebuje cepivo, so bile za cepivo, ki naj bi ga v nekaj mesecih proizvedli v milijardnih odmerkih, izbrane povsem nove tehnologije. Klasi\u010dni na\u010dini gojenja virusov in \u010di\u0161\u010denja njihovih sestavnih delov za pripravo cepiv so namre\u010d prezamudni, da bi bilo z njimi mogo\u010de v nekaj mesecih pripraviti milijarde cepilnih odmerkov,” \u0161e navaja Ihan.<\/p>\n

Cepivo mRNA, ki sta ga razvili podjetji Pfizer in BioNTech ter podjetje Moderna, je v mnogih pogledih revolucionarno in deluje na druga\u010den na\u010din kot cepiva, ki smo jih poznali do zdaj.<\/p>\n

Znanstveniki so v virusu, ki povzro\u010da bolezen COVID-19, odkrili protein, ki virusu omogo\u010da prodor\u00a0v \u010dlovekove celice\u00a0zaradi \u010desar se oku\u017eimo in zbolimo.\u00a0Virus SARS-CoV-2 ima RNA, ki vsebuje informacije o vseh njegovih delih. Zato so znanstveniki pregledali celotno sekvenco RNA virusa in iz nje izlu\u0161\u010dili del, ki vsebuje informacije o tem klju\u010dnem proteinu.<\/p>\n

\n

Kaj je RNA<\/a>? To je mulekula, ki je klju\u010dna za\u00a0za izdelavo posameznih sestavnih delov (v tem primeru) virusa, kot so zapisani v njegovem genskem zapisu (DNA). mRNA<\/a> celici prenese \u00bbnavodila\u00ab, kako naj na podlagi tega na\u010drta proizvede te sestavne dele.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Pomembna zna\u010dilnost cepiva na osnovi mRNA je, da ne vsebuje delcev virusa. Vsebuje samo \u00bbnavodila\u00ab, kako virus izdela klju\u010dni\u00a0protein za prodor v celice, ki se nahaja na zunanjem delu virusa. Zato se s cepljenjem ne moremo oku\u017eiti. Vse, kar s cepivom podjetij Pfizer in BioNTech ter Moderna dobimo v telo, so \u00bbnavodila\u00ab za izdelavo tega proteina.<\/p>\n

Ko na\u0161e telo s cepljenjem dobi informacijo o tem proteinu, ga bo imunski sistem prepoznal in prepre\u010dil oku\u017ebo.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t
Informacijska RNA (mRNA \u2013 angle\u0161ko messenger RNA) je oznaka za molekule, ki prena\u0161ajo genetske informacije iz DNA v ribosom, kjer dolo\u010dijo aminokislinsko zaporedje beljakovinskih produktov izra\u017eanja genov.\u00a0Foto: Profimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvi cepivi proti covidu-19, ki sta bili potrjeni v EU za uporabo, temeljita na novi tehnologiji – gre za mRNK cepiva. 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